- Introduction
- Understand What Coconut Oil Can Do
- Coconut Oil Is Not Suitable For Everyone
- Choose The Right Type Of Coconut Oil
- Food-Grade And Cosmetic Products
- Look For Clear Packaging Information
- Check Added Fragrances And Essential Oils
- Patch Test Before Wider Use
- Apply Coconut Oil To Damp Body Skin
- Use It On Dry Elbows And Knees
- Use Coconut Oil On Hands
- Use It For Cuticle Care
- Use Coconut Oil On The Feet Carefully
- Use It As A Massage Oil
- Avoid Excessive Pressure During Massage
- Can Coconut Oil Be Used On The Face?
- Try It Only On Selected Dry Areas
- Coconut Oil As A Cleansing Oil
- Keep Coconut Oil Away From The Eyes
- Use Coconut Oil For Lip Care
- Do Not Use Coconut Oil As Sunscreen
- Use It After Sun Exposure Carefully
- Coconut Oil In Hot And Humid Weather
- Coconut Oil In Air-Conditioned Rooms
- Combining Coconut Oil With Moisturiser
- Avoid Complicated Homemade Formulas
- Coconut Oil And Body Scrubs
- Coconut Oil And Thai Herbal Ingredients
- Avoid Applying It To Broken Skin
- Coconut Oil For Sensitive Skin
- Coconut Oil For Acne-Prone Body Areas
- Coconut Oil For Children
- Store Coconut Oil Properly
- Use Clean Hands And Utensils
- Signs The Oil May Have Deteriorated
- Common Mistake: Using Too Much
- Common Mistake: Using Body Oil On Every Facial Skin Type
- Common Mistake: Replacing Sunscreen
- Common Mistake: Ignoring Added Ingredients
- Common Mistake: Applying It Over Irritated Skin
- Common Mistake: Creating Strong Homemade Mixtures
- Common Mistake: Expecting Coconut Oil To Treat Every Skin Concern
- A Simple Body-Care Routine
- A Simple Evening Hand-And-Foot Routine
- Choosing Between Coconut Oil And Body Lotion
- Conclusion
- FAQ
- What Is The Best Coconut Oil For Thai Skincare?
- Can Coconut Oil Be Used Every Day?
- Is Coconut Oil Good For The Face?
- Can Coconut Oil Cause Breakouts?
- Should Coconut Oil Be Applied Before Or After Moisturiser?
- Can Coconut Oil Replace Sunscreen?
- Can Coconut Oil Be Used For Massage?
- Is Coconut Oil Suitable For Sensitive Skin?
- How Should Coconut Oil Be Stored?
- How Can I Tell If Coconut Oil Has Deteriorated?
Introduction
Coconuts are closely connected to everyday life in Thailand, appearing in cooking, drinks, household products, massage oils, soaps, and personal-care traditions. Coconut oil is also widely available in markets, supermarkets, pharmacies, wellness shops, and beauty stores.
Using coconut oil in Thai skincare may seem simple, but different products, skin types, and climates can produce very different results. A small amount may help dry areas feel softer, while applying a heavy layer to oily or acne-prone facial skin may feel uncomfortable or contribute to clogged pores for some people.
Coconut oil is best understood as an oil-based emollient and occlusive ingredient. It can soften the skin and help reduce moisture loss by leaving a protective oily layer. Oils are among the ingredients used in moisturising products, but the right texture depends on the person’s skin type and the area being treated.

This guide explains how to approach coconut oil in Thai skincare practically. It covers product selection, face and body use, dry areas, massage, cleansing, patch testing, humid-weather adjustments, storage, and common mistakes.
👉 “Readers building a gentle skincare routine may also explore these simple lifestyle ideas for better sleep and daily balance to support broader everyday wellbeing.”
Understand What Coconut Oil Can Do
Coconut oil mainly works by coating and softening the skin.
It may be useful for:
- Dry elbows
- Dry knees
- Rough heels
- Hands
- Lower legs
- Body massage
- Cuticle care
- Removing some oil-soluble makeup
- Sealing moisture into damp skin
Coconut oil does not add water to the skin by itself. It works best when applied after washing or bathing, while the skin still contains some surface moisture.
A practical routine is to pat the skin lightly with a towel and then apply a thin layer. This can help the oil spread more easily and reduce the need for a heavy amount.
Coconut Oil Is Not Suitable For Everyone
Skin care is personal. A product that feels comfortable on one person may cause greasiness, irritation, or breakouts on another.

People with acne-prone facial skin are generally advised to choose products labelled non-comedogenic or described as not clogging pores. Dermatology guidance notes that oily products may worsen breakouts for some people, particularly when used on acne-prone areas.
This means coconut oil in Thai skincare may work better as a body oil than as a facial moisturiser for some users.
Stop using it when you notice:
- New clogged pores
- Increased breakouts
- Persistent redness
- Itching
- Burning
- Swelling
- A rash
- Uncomfortable greasiness
A dermatologist can help when skin symptoms are persistent, painful, widespread, or difficult to manage.
Choose The Right Type Of Coconut Oil
Coconut oil products may differ in aroma, colour, texture, refinement, and intended use.
Common labels include:
Virgin coconut oil: Usually produced with limited processing and may retain a noticeable coconut aroma.
Cold-pressed coconut oil: Extracted without high-temperature processing, although exact manufacturing standards can vary.
Refined coconut oil: Usually has a milder aroma and a more neutral appearance.
Fractionated coconut oil: Processed so that it remains liquid at cooler room temperatures and is often used in massage and cosmetic products.
There is no single best type for everyone. The right choice depends on how the oil will be used.
Food-Grade And Cosmetic Products
Some pure food-grade coconut oils may be used on the skin, but a product intended specifically for cosmetic use may be more convenient.

Cosmetic products may offer:
- A pump or dropper
- Clear skin-use instructions
- Added fragrance
- A lighter texture
- Blended oils
- Stability information
- Ingredient and allergy warnings
Read the label carefully. A product marketed with coconut images may contain only a small amount of coconut oil alongside fragrances, silicones, mineral oils, colourants, or other ingredients.
When choosing coconut oil in Thai skincare, check the complete ingredient list rather than relying only on the product name.
Look For Clear Packaging Information
A reliable label should identify:
- Product name
- Complete ingredient list
- Manufacturer or distributor
- Production or batch information
- Expiry or recommended-use date
- Storage instructions
- Intended method of use
- Warnings
- Net quantity
Avoid unlabelled skincare oil when you cannot confirm what it contains.
Oil sold in an open container may have been exposed to heat, sunlight, moisture, dust, or repeated handling.
Check Added Fragrances And Essential Oils
Pure coconut oil normally has a mild natural aroma, although refined oil may have very little scent.
Some Thai-inspired beauty oils contain added:
- Jasmine fragrance
- Lemongrass oil
- Citrus oil
- Floral perfume
- Herbal extracts
- Menthol
- Essential-oil blends
Added fragrance can create a pleasant spa-style experience, but it may also irritate sensitive skin. Essential oils can cause allergic contact dermatitis in some users, with reactions appearing where the product touches the skin or extending beyond that area.
Choose unscented coconut oil when you have sensitive skin, fragrance reactions, or uncertainty about added ingredients.
Patch Test Before Wider Use
A patch test cannot guarantee that a product will never cause a reaction, but it can reveal some problems before the product is applied widely.
A simple approach is to:
- Apply a small amount to a limited area
- Leave the area undisturbed
- Follow the product instructions
- Observe it over the following days
- Stop if redness, itching, burning, or swelling develops
Do not test on broken, freshly shaved, sunburned, or already irritated skin.
People with a history of serious allergies or significant dermatitis should ask an appropriate healthcare professional for personalised advice.
Apply Coconut Oil To Damp Body Skin
One of the easiest uses of coconut oil in Thai skincare is as a body oil after bathing.
Try this method:
- Wash with a gentle cleanser
- Rinse thoroughly
- Pat the body lightly
- Leave the skin slightly damp
- Warm a small amount between the palms
- Spread it over dry areas
- Allow it to absorb before dressing
Begin with less than one teaspoon for a large body area. More can be added when needed.
Applying too much often leaves the skin and clothing oily without providing additional comfort.
Use It On Dry Elbows And Knees
Elbows and knees can become dry from friction, air conditioning, frequent washing, sun exposure, or naturally thicker skin.
Apply a small amount after showering or before bed.
For very rough areas:
- Apply a water-based moisturiser first
- Let it settle briefly
- Add a thin layer of coconut oil
- Avoid walking on oily floors
- Wash your hands after application when necessary
Coconut oil may help seal in the moisture supplied by the cream or lotion.
Use Coconut Oil On Hands
Hands can become dry from soap, cleaning products, hand sanitiser, and frequent washing.
A simple evening routine is:
- Wash and dry the hands
- Apply hand cream
- Add one or two drops of coconut oil
- Massage around the palms and cuticles
- Avoid touching phones or fabrics until absorbed
During the daytime, a lighter lotion may feel more practical in Thailand’s humid climate.
Use It For Cuticle Care
A tiny amount can soften dry skin around the nails.
Massage one drop across several nails rather than coating each finger heavily.
Do not apply over:
- An infected nail
- Inflamed skin
- Open cuts
- Significant swelling
- A painful nail condition
Persistent nail changes should be assessed by a qualified healthcare professional rather than covered repeatedly with oil.
Use Coconut Oil On The Feet Carefully
Coconut oil may soften dry heels and rough soles.
Apply it after washing and drying the feet. Use only enough to coat the dry area.
Important precautions include:
- Avoid applying oil before walking
- Keep oily feet away from tiled floors
- Do not leave excessive moisture between the toes
- Avoid broken or infected skin
- Wear clean socks when preferred
- Wash hands after treating the feet
People with diabetes, poor circulation, reduced foot sensation, wounds, or specialist foot-care needs should follow professional advice.
Use It As A Massage Oil
Massage is a common wellness use for coconut oil in Thai skincare.
Coconut oil provides slip, helping the hands move over the skin with less friction.
For home massage:
- Use a small amount
- Warm it between the hands
- Apply gentle pressure
- Avoid injured or swollen areas
- Stop if the skin becomes irritated
- Clean oily surfaces afterward
Fractionated coconut oil may feel lighter and remain liquid, making it convenient for massage.
Pure virgin coconut oil may feel richer and carry a stronger coconut aroma.
Avoid Excessive Pressure During Massage
The oil reduces friction, but it does not make strong pressure automatically safe.
Massage should stop or be adjusted when there is:
- Sharp pain
- Numbness
- Tingling
- Sudden weakness
- Significant swelling
- An acute injury
- An open wound
- Unexplained severe discomfort
Massage and coconut oil in Thai skincare may support relaxation, but they do not replace medical assessment or treatment.
Can Coconut Oil Be Used On The Face?
Some people tolerate a small amount on dry facial areas. Others find it too heavy.
Using it on the face may be less suitable for people with:
- Oily skin
- Frequent blackheads
- Whiteheads
- Active acne
- Easily clogged pores
- Heat-related facial sweating
- A history of reacting to rich oils
Dermatology guidance generally recommends non-comedogenic moisturisers for acne-prone skin.
A lightweight, fragrance-free facial moisturiser may be a better everyday choice than pure coconut oil.
Try It Only On Selected Dry Areas
Rather than covering the entire face, try a very small amount on a limited dry area.
Possible areas include:
- Dry cheeks
- A flaky area beside the nose
- The outer face
- Dry skin around the eyebrows
Avoid the eyelids and lash line unless the product is intended for that area.
Stop when the area develops bumps, redness, itching, or increased congestion.
Coconut Oil As A Cleansing Oil
Oil can loosen some makeup, sunscreen, and oil-based residue.
A simple cleansing approach is:
- Apply a small amount to dry skin
- Massage lightly
- Remove it with a soft damp cloth
- Follow with a suitable gentle cleanser
- Rinse thoroughly
- Apply normal moisturiser
This is sometimes called double cleansing.
Coconut oil may be difficult to remove completely, especially from oily or acne-prone skin. A formulated cleansing oil that emulsifies with water may feel lighter and rinse more easily.
Keep Coconut Oil Away From The Eyes
Avoid placing pure coconut oil directly into the eyes.
When removing eye makeup:
- Use a product intended for eye-area use
- Keep the eyelids closed
- Avoid rubbing
- Remove residue carefully
- Stop if blurred vision or irritation occurs
Seek appropriate care if significant eye irritation continues.
Use Coconut Oil For Lip Care
A very small amount may soften dry lips temporarily.
However, licking the lips, sun exposure, dehydration, irritating toothpaste, fragrance, and certain lip products can also contribute to dryness.
For daytime use, choose a proper lip product with suitable sun protection rather than relying on coconut oil.
Pure coconut oil should not be treated as a substitute for tested sunscreen. Sunscreen products are regulated around defined active ingredients, labelling, and safety and effectiveness requirements.
Do Not Use Coconut Oil As Sunscreen
One of the most important warnings about coconut oil in Thai skincare is that ordinary coconut oil should not replace a labelled broad-spectrum sunscreen.
For outdoor skin protection:
- Use a suitable broad-spectrum sunscreen
- Follow its application instructions
- Reapply as directed
- Use shade
- Wear protective clothing
- Consider a hat and sunglasses
Coconut oil can be used separately as a moisturising body oil when appropriate, but it should not be presented as reliable sun protection.
Use It After Sun Exposure Carefully
Coconut oil may make dry skin feel softer, but it is not a treatment for serious sunburn.
For mild warmth or dryness:
- Move out of the sun
- Cool the skin gently
- Use a suitable fragrance-free moisturiser
- Avoid heavy rubbing
- Drink normally according to thirst
Do not apply oil to blistered, severely painful, or extensively burned skin without professional guidance.
Severe or widespread sunburn may require medical advice.
Coconut Oil In Hot And Humid Weather
Thailand’s climate can make rich oils feel heavy.
During humid weather:
- Use a smaller amount
- Apply it mainly to dry areas
- Avoid covering sweaty skin
- Choose evening application
- Let it absorb before dressing
- Use a lighter lotion during the day
- Wash away accumulated sweat and oil gently
The same amount that feels comfortable in a dry, air-conditioned room may feel sticky outdoors.
A practical coconut oil in Thai skincare routine should change with the weather.
Coconut Oil In Air-Conditioned Rooms
Frequent exposure to air conditioning may make skin feel dry or tight.
Coconut oil may be useful for:
- Lower legs
- Hands
- Elbows
- Knees
- Heels
Apply it after a water-based lotion when stronger moisture retention is needed.
For the face, continue choosing products appropriate for facial skin rather than automatically using the same oil applied to the body.
Combining Coconut Oil With Moisturiser
Coconut oil and moisturiser can play different roles.
A useful sequence is:
- Cleanse gently
- Apply a water-based lotion or cream
- Apply a small amount of oil over the driest area
This technique may help retain moisture.
Do not mix coconut oil directly into the full moisturiser container because this may affect the product’s preservation and introduce contamination.
Mix only the amount needed in your palm immediately before application.
Avoid Complicated Homemade Formulas
Online skincare ideas may suggest mixing coconut oil with:
- Lemon juice
- Baking soda
- Salt
- Strong essential oils
- Toothpaste
- Undiluted vinegar
- Rough sugar
- Spices
These mixtures may irritate or damage the skin.
Simple use is safer:
- Pure oil
- A properly formulated product
- A tested commercial moisturiser
- A small amount on intact skin
Using more natural ingredients does not automatically make a routine gentler.
Coconut Oil And Body Scrubs
Coconut oil is sometimes mixed with sugar or another exfoliating material.
Scrubs can cause irritation when they are:
- Too rough
- Used too often
- Applied with strong pressure
- Used after shaving
- Used on sunburn
- Applied to acne
- Used on sensitive skin
A commercially formulated gentle body exfoliant may provide more predictable texture and preservation.
Do not use homemade scrubs on the face unless advised by a qualified skincare professional.
Coconut Oil And Thai Herbal Ingredients
Thai-inspired cosmetic products may combine coconut oil with herbs, flowers, or aromatic plants.
These combinations may be marketed for:
- Massage
- Body moisturising
- Foot care
- Bathing
- Aromatic relaxation
- Hair care
The presence of a traditional Thai ingredient does not guarantee that the product will suit every skin type.
Check:
- Concentration
- Added fragrance
- Essential oils
- Preservatives
- Intended body area
- Directions
- Allergy warnings
The finished formulation matters more than the reputation of one ingredient.
Avoid Applying It To Broken Skin
Do not apply ordinary cosmetic coconut oil to:
- Open cuts
- Infected wounds
- Oozing rashes
- Fresh burns
- Surgical wounds
- Severe dermatitis
- Unexplained blisters
These conditions may require appropriate wound care or medical assessment.
Oil can also make it harder to keep dressings secure.
Coconut Oil For Sensitive Skin
Sensitive skin may react to coconut oil itself, added fragrance, contaminants, or another ingredient in a blended product.
Choose:
- A short ingredient list
- No added fragrance
- Clean sealed packaging
- A small test area
- Minimal application
Emollients and moisturisers can occasionally cause contact allergy or irritation, so stop using any product that consistently worsens the skin.
Coconut Oil For Acne-Prone Body Areas
The chest, shoulders, and back can also develop acne.
Avoid applying heavy oil over these areas when they are prone to breakouts.
Instead, choose:
- Non-comedogenic body lotion
- Lightweight moisturiser
- Fragrance-free products
- Products designed for acne-prone skin
Wash off massage oil after a treatment when leaving it on causes congestion or discomfort.
Coconut Oil For Children
Children’s skin can be more sensitive than adult skin.
Before applying coconut oil in Thai skincare to a child:
- Choose a simple product
- Avoid added essential oils
- Test a small area
- Keep it away from the eyes and mouth
- Avoid slippery floors
- Stop if irritation appears
- Ask a paediatric healthcare professional about persistent skin problems
Do not use coconut oil to self-treat an unexplained rash, infection, or severe dryness in a baby.
Store Coconut Oil Properly
Store the oil according to the package directions.
A practical storage location should be:
- Clean
- Dry
- Away from direct sunlight
- Away from excessive heat
- Closed securely
- Out of reach of children
Coconut oil may become solid in cooler temperatures and liquid in warmer conditions. This normal physical change does not necessarily indicate spoilage.
Avoid allowing water to enter the container because moisture may contribute to contamination.
Use Clean Hands And Utensils
To protect the product:
- Use a clean spoon or pump
- Avoid dipping wet fingers into a jar
- Close the lid after use
- Keep the rim clean
- Do not share an open jar widely
- Avoid returning unused oil to the container
Pumps and squeeze bottles can reduce direct handling.
Signs The Oil May Have Deteriorated
Discard coconut oil when it develops:
- A rancid or unpleasant smell
- Visible mould
- Unexpected particles
- Contamination
- A damaged seal
- A major unexplained colour change
- An altered texture unrelated to temperature
- An expired date combined with uncertain storage
Do not taste cosmetic oil to test its freshness.
When the storage history is unknown, replacing the product is usually safer than continuing to use it.
Common Mistake: Using Too Much
A small amount can cover a surprisingly large area.
Excess oil may:
- Feel sticky
- Transfer to clothing
- Make floors slippery
- Trap sweat
- Feel uncomfortable in humid weather
- Contribute to facial congestion in some users
Begin with a few drops and add more only when necessary.
Common Mistake: Using Body Oil On Every Facial Skin Type
The face may react differently from the arms or legs.
A product that works well on dry knees may feel too heavy around the nose, forehead, or chin.
Choose facial products based on facial skin type.
Common Mistake: Replacing Sunscreen
Coconut oil is not a substitute for a properly labelled broad-spectrum sunscreen.
Use dedicated sun protection for daytime exposure.
Common Mistake: Ignoring Added Ingredients
A coconut-based oil may contain perfume, essential oils, preservatives, or other plant extracts.
Read the whole label before use.
Common Mistake: Applying It Over Irritated Skin
Oil may not be suitable for active rashes, infections, severe acne, burns, or open wounds.
Seek appropriate advice rather than repeatedly covering the problem.
Common Mistake: Creating Strong Homemade Mixtures
Adding acidic, abrasive, or highly concentrated ingredients may irritate the skin.
Keep home skincare simple.
Common Mistake: Expecting Coconut Oil To Treat Every Skin Concern
Coconut oil may soften dry skin, but it is not a universal treatment for acne, pigmentation, infection, eczema, sun damage, or other medical skin conditions.
Persistent concerns deserve professional assessment.
A Simple Body-Care Routine
A practical routine using coconut oil in Thai skincare can be:
Cleanse: Take a warm shower with a gentle body cleanser.
Pat dry: Leave dry areas slightly damp.
Moisturise: Apply a light lotion when needed.
Seal: Add a small amount of coconut oil to elbows, knees, heels, or lower legs.
Observe: Reduce or stop use if the skin becomes irritated, congested, or uncomfortable.
This approach uses coconut oil selectively instead of covering the entire body automatically.
A Simple Evening Hand-And-Foot Routine
For a short evening routine:
- Wash and dry the hands and feet
- Check for irritation or wounds
- Apply normal moisturiser
- Add a drop of coconut oil to dry areas
- Massage gently
- Keep the walking area safe
- Put on clean socks when preferred
This can combine skin care with a calm Thai-inspired wellness habit.
Choosing Between Coconut Oil And Body Lotion
Choose coconut oil when:
- You prefer a rich oil texture
- The body area is very dry
- You want massage slip
- You are applying it at night
- Your skin tolerates it
Choose lotion when:
- The weather is hot and humid
- You need quick absorption
- The area is acne-prone
- You are dressing immediately
- You want a water-based moisturiser
- You need a product formulated for sensitive skin
Some people use both, applying lotion first and oil only to selected dry areas.
👉 “Readers exploring coconut oil for skincare may also enjoy these simple Thai herbal face mask ideas for more natural beauty inspiration.”
Conclusion
Using coconut oil in Thai skincare can be a simple way to soften dry body skin, support massage, and create a Thai-inspired personal-care routine.
The most practical uses are often on dry elbows, knees, hands, heels, lower legs, and cuticles. Applying a small amount to slightly damp skin can help spread the oil and reduce excessive greasiness.
Product selection matters. Check whether the oil is virgin, refined, fractionated, fragranced, or blended with other ingredients. Choose clean, sealed packaging with a complete ingredient list and clear manufacturer information.
Patch testing is sensible, especially when using a fragranced product or applying coconut oil in Thai skincare for the first time. Stop if redness, itching, burning, swelling, or a persistent rash develops.
Facial use requires greater caution. Coconut oil may feel too heavy for oily or acne-prone skin, and dermatology guidance generally recommends products labelled non-comedogenic for people who develop clogged pores or acne.
Coconut oil should not replace sunscreen. Use a suitable broad-spectrum sunscreen and other sun-protection measures during daytime exposure.
Thailand’s warm and humid climate may require lighter application. A few drops used at night may feel more comfortable than a heavy daytime layer.
Keep homemade mixtures simple. Combining coconut oil with harsh acids, rough exfoliants, or concentrated essential oils can increase the risk of irritation.
Store the oil away from direct sun, heat, water, and contamination. Use clean hands or utensils and discard products that smell rancid or show clear signs of deterioration.
The best approach to coconut oil in Thai skincare is selective rather than excessive. Use a small amount, choose the right body area, observe how the skin responds, and switch to a suitable formulated moisturiser when pure oil feels too heavy.
FAQ
What Is The Best Coconut Oil For Thai Skincare?
A clearly labelled, well-packaged product with a complete ingredient list is a good starting point. Virgin oil has a stronger coconut aroma, while refined or fractionated oil may feel more neutral.
Can Coconut Oil Be Used Every Day?
Some people use it daily on dry body areas. Begin with a small amount and reduce use if the skin becomes greasy, irritated, or congested.
Is Coconut Oil Good For The Face?
It may suit selected dry areas for some people, but it can feel too heavy for oily or acne-prone facial skin. A non-comedogenic facial moisturiser may be more suitable.
Can Coconut Oil Cause Breakouts?
Heavy oils can contribute to clogged pores or breakouts in some people. Stop facial use when new bumps or congestion appear.
Should Coconut Oil Be Applied Before Or After Moisturiser?
A useful approach is to apply a water-based moisturiser first and then add a thin layer of coconut oil over especially dry areas.
Can Coconut Oil Replace Sunscreen?
No. Coconut oil should not replace a properly labelled broad-spectrum sunscreen.
Can Coconut Oil Be Used For Massage?
Yes. Use a small amount on intact skin, keep pressure comfortable, and avoid injured, swollen, or irritated areas.
Is Coconut Oil Suitable For Sensitive Skin?
It may be suitable for some people, but reactions are possible. Choose an unscented product, patch test first, and stop if irritation develops.
How Should Coconut Oil Be Stored?
Keep it sealed in a clean, dry place away from direct sunlight and excessive heat. Avoid introducing water into the container.
How Can I Tell If Coconut Oil Has Deteriorated?
Discard it when it smells rancid, contains mould or unexpected particles, has been contaminated, or has an uncertain storage history.





